These results challenge the assumption of a complete /eː-ɛː/ merger in Finland-Swedish, instead pointing to a near-merger, whereby two sounds sound the same to speakers, despite them being differentiated in production. However, the findings show that speakers from mainland Finland also demonstrate significantly different formant values for the vowels, particularly in formal speech styles. The results indicate cross-regional differences between Finland-Swedish dialects, with a more distinct variant of /ɛː/ being used on the monolingually Swedish-speaking Åland Islands, compared to other regions. Additionally, intraspeaker variation is explored by incorporating samples from three contextual styles. The study investigates the merger by comparing formant data from 141 speakers from four Swedish-speaking regions in Finland. This article examines regional and stylistic variation in the merger of front vowels /eː/ and /ɛː/ in Finland-Swedish.
All these findings consistently suggest the functional role of motor variability in the exploration of better vocal outcomes. Furthermore, the compensatory ratio was reduced when large fo shifts were applied to the auditory feedback, as if reflecting the range of motor exploration. This correlation was found in slow components (≤ 5 Hz) of the spontaneous fluctuation but not in fast components (between 6 and 30 Hz), and the slow one was amplified during the compensatory responses. Here we investigated behavioral variability in spontaneous vocal fo and compensatory responses against fo shifts in the feedback, and demonstrated that larger spontaneous fluctuation correlates with greater compensation in vocal fo. However, the relationship between adaptive regulation and motor exploration in vocalization has remained unclear. This behavior is typically observed as compensatory responses in vocalized pitch, or fundamental frequency (fo), when artificial fo shifts were induced in the auditory feedback. Vocalization system offers a good model for studying such sensory-motor interactions since we regulate vocalization by hearing our own voice. From this view, motor fluctuation is not simply ‘noise’ inevitably caused in the nervous system but would play a role in generating variations to explore better outcomes via sensory feedback. Our motor system uses sensory feedback to keep desired performance.
Results point to the feasibility and potential of real-time monitoring of subglottal pressure during an individual’s daily life for the prevention, assessment, and treatment of voice disorders. The model was then applied during activities of daily living, thus yielding ambulatory estimates of subglottal pressure for the first time in these populations. Estimates of subglottal pressure using the developed method exhibited significantly lower error than alternative methods in the literature, with average errors ranging from 1.13 to 2.08 cm H2O for the participant groups. The model was derived for vocally typical individuals and patients diagnosed with phonotraumatic vocal fold lesions, primary muscle tension dysphonia, and unilateral vocal fold paralysis. During a laboratory calibration session, a participant-specific multiple regression model was derived to estimate subglottal pressure from a neck-surface vibration signal that can be recorded during natural speech production. This study reports on the validation of a method for subglottal pressure estimation in individuals with and without voice disorders that can be translated to connected speech to enable the monitoring of vocal function and behavior in real-world settings. Although estimating subglottal pressure during phonation is an important component of a standard voice assessment, current methods for estimating subglottal pressure rely on non-natural speech tasks in a clinical or laboratory setting. The aerodynamic voice assessment of subglottal air pressure can discriminate between speakers with typical voices from patients with voice disorders, with further evidence validating subglottal pressure as a clinical outcome measure.
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